Fig 1: Effects of D-cysteine, 3MP, and Na2S on CMA/mA activity in primary cultured PCs. (A) Punctate accumulation of GAPDH-HT in primary cultured PCs treated with D-cysteine (D-Cys, 500 and 1000 µM), 3MP (500 µM), and Na2S (10 µM) for 24 h. Control (Cont) refers to cells without treatment. (B) Quantitative analyses of GAPDH-HT puncta shown in A. (C) Punctate accumulation of GAPDH-HT in AD293 cells treated with D-cysteine (1000 µM) and Na2S (10 µM) in the presence of vehicle (0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide) or DAO inhibitor (DAO-I, 5 µM) for 24 h. (D) Quantitative analyses of GAPDH-HT puncta are shown in C. Scale bars = 10 µm. Numbers in the columns represent the numbers of observed cells. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001 vs. control or vehicle alone, ### p < 0.001 (Dunn’s multiple comparisons test).